Plasmid/transposon-mediated resistance to inorganic and organic mercury compounds by hydrolases and reductases has been extensively studied. Different groups of bacteria vary in their susceptibility to biocides, with bacterial spores being the most resistant, followed by mycobacteria, then Gram-negative organisms, with cocci generally being the most sensitive. For example, spores are resistant to disinfectants because the spore coat and cortex act as a barrier, mycobacteria have a waxy cell wall that prevents disinfectant entry, and gram-negative bacteria possess an outer membrane that acts as a barrier to the uptake of disinfectants341, 343-345. What factors can influence the activity of a disinfectant? Why is heat necessary to stain endospores? The .gov means its official. Several physical and chemical factors also influence disinfectant procedures: temperature, pH, relative humidity, and water hardness. Size of the inoculum, distribution of the inoculum, incubation period, depth of the agar, diffusion rate of the antibiotic, concentration of antibiotic in the disk, and the growth rate of the bacterium. b. Hindbrain changes associated with the onset of puberty. Mordant, primary stain, de-colorizer, counter-stain, Iodine- tightly binds the dye to the cells, Crystal Violet- stains all the cells purple, 95% Ethanol- removes color from the gram negative cells. A special situation is found with bacteria present in biofilms, which can be considered as being an intrinsic resistance mechanism resulting from physiological (phenotypic) adaptation of cells. Within bacteria and fungi, Gram-positive bacteria are typically more susceptible than Gram-negative bacteria, as their cell wall structure is more permeable to disinfectants. Virucidal? Resistant infections can be difficult, and sometimes impossible, to treat. Beshtawi IM, Qaddumi J, Suboh N, Zaid A, Mansour H, Zeyadeh T. Clin Ophthalmol. answered Why do microorganisms differ in their response to disinfectants? What microorganisms are most susceptible to disinfectants? The germicidal resistance exhibited by the gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria is similar with some exceptions (e.g.,P. aeruginosawhich shows greater resistance to some disinfectants)369, 415, 416. Why are bacterial endospores a problem in the hospital environment? What factors must be controlled in the Kirby-Bauer method? Infectious Agents: Viruses are tiny infectious particles that enter a living organism and can cause varying degrees of illness and infection. Water activity (aw) Oxidation-reduction potential (Eh) Nutrient content. The positively charged basic solutions bind to the negatively charged molecules of bacteria. What is the relationship of time to temperature in heat sterilization? Microorganisms differ considerably in their ability to oxidize various carbohydrates. Would you like email updates of new search results? The terms "psychrophilic," "thermophilic," and "hyperthermophilic" are used to describe different types of organisms. The sensitivity disk method used to determine antibiotic susceptibility. How does it differ from antisepsis? PMC How can bacteriostatic and bactericidal disinfectants be distinguished? We weren't able to detect the audio language on your flashcards. -Take a sterile look or swab and streak it through the area of the clearing zone. The nutrient preparations are used for culturing microorganisms, when we know exactly whats in the media and the exact amounts. Why should hands be washed before and after dressing changes even though gloves must be worn during the procedure? How do organisms develop resistance to disinfectants? Medical instruments with multiple pieces must be disassembled and equipment such as endoscopes that have crevices, joints, and channels are more difficult to disinfect than are flat- surface equipment because penetration of the disinfectant of all parts of the equipment is more difficult. Reaction of bacterial mixtures are completely unreliable. Disinfection: Disinfectants are applied to non-living objects to destroy microorganisms that are living there, so proper disinfection of equipment used on patients is crucial because many patients who have been exposed to needlesly to contaminated equipment can contract diseases such as HIV See Answer Question: 1. Use on high touch hard surface areas like door handles, light switches, remotes and kids' Toys. d. What are the mean and standard deviation of the binomial distribution used in (a) through (c)? 4. How Antimicrobial Resistance Happens. Maillard, J.-Y. Purpose: Characteristics of an ideal low-temperature sterilization process, Table 10. 16. To receive email updates about this page, enter your email address: We take your privacy seriously. Sodium percarbonate dissolves in water to produce hydrogen peroxide and sodium carbonate. Disinfectants are formulations of active. It depents on what the culture is but many disinfectants kill a wide range of microbes. What is meant by antimicrobial resistance? As to the future, there is a need to establish conclusively whether there is a clear-cut linkage between antibiotic and biocide resistance in non-sporulating bacteria and whether biocides can select for antibiotic resistance. With other variables constant, and with one exception (iodophors), the more concentrated the disinfectant, the greater its efficacy and the shorter the time necessary to achieve microbial kill. e. Compare the result of (a) through (d) with those of Burger King in the earlier exercise and Wendys in the given example on the said page number. These bacteria can make it difficult for public water systems to maintain a disinfectant residual, which means that microorganisms that are harmful to people can grow. Why do microorginisms differ in their response to disinfectants? What microorganisms are most susceptible to disinfectants? Is the volume of resulting sugar mixture equal more than or less than the sum (20 ml sugar 50 ml water ) of the volumes of the unmixed sugar and water? What are the disadvantages of shielding a thermometer? Some examples of spore-forming bacteria include Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, and Clostridium tetani. a. Alternatively, organic material can protect microorganisms from attack by acting as a physical barrier422, 423. Why are control cultures necessary in evaluating disinfectants? There are many types of question_answer Q: Define the following terms: a. obligate anaerobe b. aerotolerant anaerobe c. facultative anaerobe d. A: The organisms can be classified on the basis of their mode of respiration as aerobic, anaerobic, question_answer Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. Fungistatic? Methods of sterilization and disinfection, Table 2. What is the difference between a simple stain and a differential stain? Minimum cycle times for steam sterilization cycles, Table 8. Difference Between Disinfectant And Antimicrobial Resistance This paper will discuss two different issues disinfectants and antimicrobial agent susceptibility testing/resistance. eCollection 2022. Would you expect that long or artificial fingernails interfere with the effectiveness of hand scrubs? Sodium percarbonate is also called "oxygen bleach", which is different to a chlorine/chloride bleach. Actively growing microorganisms and those lacking Safranin- stains the gram negative cells pink. {"cdnAssetsUrl":"","site_dot_caption":"Cram.com","premium_user":false,"premium_set":false,"payreferer":"clone_set","payreferer_set_title":"Microbiology Test 1","payreferer_url":"\/flashcards\/copy\/microbiology-test-1-1927095","isGuest":true,"ga_id":"UA-272909-1","facebook":{"clientId":"363499237066029","version":"v12.0","language":"en_US"}}. Biofilms have been found in whirlpools440, dental unit waterlines441, and numerous medical devices (e.g., contact lenses, pacemakers, hemodialysis systems, urinary catheters, central venous catheters, endoscopes)434, 436, 438, 442. This feature makes them The same principle applied to the sterility control tube; it is to test for contamination. What factors can influence the activity of a disinfectant? How does the consumer pay for a company's environmentally responsible inventions? (1 mark) 10. Resistance structure capable of surviving long periods in a unfavorable environment and then giving rise to new bacterial cell. Bookshelf Reduces number of microbes on surfaces (inanimate objects Antisepsis: Reduces number of microbes on skin (living tissue) Define bactericidal, bacteriostatic, virucidal, fungistatic. Is a virus a microorganism? Disinfectants containing hydrogen peroxide, glutaraldehyde, iodophors, chlorine, and phenolic compounds are known to have fungicidal activity. Why are control cultures necessary in evaluating disinfectants? Susceptibility means not resistance to the microbes, but easily sensitive to the microbes or other agents. Briefly discuss disinfection and antisepsis in relation to patient care. While. Alcohol kills bacteria by denaturing its proteins. The mechanisms involved in biocide resistance to biocides are becoming better understood. Would it be acceptable to use a mixed culture for this test? 1 Comparatively few biocides are bactericidal (including mycobactericidal), sporicidal, virucidal and fungicidal, whereas most are bactericidal (with or . Reference: A: Until the discovery of the microbes by the famous scientist Louis Pasteur, one of the signs of the. by l3rii12, The bank requests that Martin prepare a balance sheet and key financial ratios. The diaphragm is to control the amount of light passing into the condenser. Why? Bacterial resistance to antibiotics is a long-established, widely-studied problem. COVID-19 made the world stop and realise how important sanitation truly is. You will be subject to the destination website's privacy policy when you follow the link. That brings us to the end to the hierarchy. Find out how you can intelligently organize your Flashcards. Hypochlorous acid, which is a . If 5x instead of 10x oculars were used in your microscope with the same objectives, what magnifications would be achieved? Factors affecting the growth of microorganisms in food pH. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 12(1), 147-179. Staining endospores with Malachite Green and heat is used to provide penetration, the rest of the cell is de-colorized and counterstained red. -A large growth visible with the naked eye. Yes, colonies form one cell form one cell, all cells in a colony are identical. Bacteria can hide in the ring and spread infection. 9. What is the difference between an antibiotic and an antimicrobic? Because they are placed in the incubador upside down so that the condensation doesn't build up and drip. even, layered, sedimented, clusters, and cloudiness. Bacteriostatic means something that inhibit bacteria or bacteria-inhibiting. In the Shaeffer-Fulton endospore what are the primary and counter stain? Rossington, K. (2021). DNA strands can have resistances to some things that others don't. On the contrary, disinfectants with sporicidal activity includes those containing peracetic acid, hydrogen peroxide, and chlorine compounds. Which step is the most crucial or most likely to cause poor results in gram stain? DNA strands can have resistances to some things that others don't. Also, the growing stage of a species (such as the vegetative cell of bacteria, the trophozoite of protozoa, or the larval form of worms) is less resistant than the same organism's survival form (the bacterial spore, protozoan cyst, or worm egg). Invented by christian gram, two different types. Different types of microorganisms have vary resistance against disinfectant, depending on the active substance of disinfectants. 8. Why or why not. Comparison of the characteristics of selected chemicals used as high-level disinfectants or chemical sterilants, Table 5. Exercise 2 - Antimicrobial Agent Susceptibility Testing and Resistance 1. passing the side through a hot portion of the bunsen burner. however if an organism is only partially exposed to a disinfectant 7. Why do microorganisms differ in their response to disinfectants? All lumens and channels of endoscopic instruments must contact the disinfectant. Alcohol will pass through the bacteria's protective membrane and begin to change the shape of proteins it encounters. Aside from measuring at less than 50 nm in size, these viruses are hard to kill with disinfectants due to the presence of a very resistant protein coata capsidthat requires denaturation. An abundance of nutrients, vitamins, etc; that are needed for growth. What is meant by antimicrobial resistance? Last night we got to have fun, and still do our jobs volunteering to clean after the Recycled Percussion show in Pittsfield NH . Why is the IMViC useful in identifying Enterobacteriaceae? A sterility control tube? Why are control cultures necessary in evaluating disinfectants? -an indirect measurement of cell density and reveals info related only to live bacteria. Microorganisms differ in their response to disinfectants in that microorganisms have unique DNA and characteristics that may be more or less sensitive to the disinfectants. a. all three orders will be filled correctly? 2. APHA is an executive agency, sponsored by the Department for Environment, Food . Awareness of these factors should lead to better use of disinfection and sterilization processes and will be briefly reviewed. For a more basic project on disinfectants and bacteria, see: The End Zone: Measuring Antimicrobial Effectiveness with Zones of Inhibition. Also learned in this lab were methods Table 4 describes selective media tests. level of sales. What does disinfectant do to stop bacteria growing? Microban 24 Hour sanitizing Spray keeps killing 99.9% of bacteria for up to 24 hours, even after multiple touches, to support a clean and healthy home. Thus, (i) spores of Bacillus subtilis are less susceptible to biocides than those of Clostridium difficile: (ii) Mycobacterium chelonae strains may show high resistance to glutaraldehyde and M. avium intracellulare is generally less sensitive than M. tuberculosis; (iii) Gram-negative bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Providencia spp and Proteus spp may be difficult to inactivate; (iv) enterococci are less sensitive than staphylococci to biocides and antibiotic-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus might show low-level biocide resistance. 4. Retrieved from https://www.chemanager-online.com/en/restricted-files/215118. Decreasing order of resistance of microorganisms to disinfection and sterilization and the level of disinfection or sterilization, Table 4. 9. What microorganisms are most susceptible to disinfectants? however if an organism is only partially exposed to a disinfectant What is meant by antimicrobial resistance? A disinfectant must kill pathogens while it is in contact with them so that they cannot grow again when it is removed. I. Bacillus Megaterium: a crystalized cell in soil. To prevent cross contamination from hands onto the gown onto the patient. You'll get a detailed solution from a subject matter expert that helps you learn core concepts. This problem has been solved! On a biological level, the main difference is that bacteria are free-living cells that can live inside or outside a body, while viruses are a non-living collection of molecules that need a host to survive. Why is it not suitable to wear rings in a hospital setting? Why are pure cultures used for antimicrobial susceptibility testing? What is the difference between microbicidal and microbiostatic? You want to ensure there are no bacteria on your skin before you put on gloves, this way should the glove become damaged there is no possible cross contamination from the skin to the wound. Distinguishing between different groups of bacteria and even permit tentative identification of microorganisms based on their biological characteristics. Why is oil necessary when using the 90x to 100x? Why do microorganisms differ in their response to disinfectants? Then figure out what the total cost of the trip would be.? Viral fusion proteins on the lipid enveloped are compromised in the presence of disinfectants, thus decreasing the infectivity of enveloped viruses due to the loss of viral cell and host cell interaction. Disinfection: the destruction of pathogenic microorganisms (no all microbial forms) It is a process involving chemical interactions between a toxic antimicrobial substance and enzymes or other constituents of microbial life. In each instance, also identify how Black can determine whether Vales actions are ethical. Rickettsiae,Chlamydiae, and mycoplasma cannot be placed in this scale of relative resistance because information about the efficacy of germicides against these agents is limited418. During the past year, Vale has taken two expensive vacations, and Black wonders how Vale can afford these trips on her $52,000 annual salary and commissions. Most bacteria are neutrophiles and grow best at near-neutral pH (center curve). What is the purpose of the spread-plate technique? it may grow resistant and more powerful. If you require further assistance on which microorganism your product is effective against, do feel free to contact one of our experts today. Why are control cultures necessary in evaluating disinfectants? Susceptibility? What microorganisms are most susceptible to disinfectants? Antiseptics and Disinfectants: Activity, Action and Resistance. Investigators have hypothesized that the glycocalyx-like cellular masses on the interior walls of polyvinyl chloride pipe would protect embedded organisms from some disinfectants and be a reservoir for continuous contamination429, 430, 439. Why is it necessary to use only diluted cultures that contain 100 to 300 cells for a successful spread plate? The location of microorganisms also must be considered when factors affecting the efficacy of germicides are assessed. Because microrganisms differ in their response to chemical antimicrobial agents, the choice of disinfectant for a particular purpose is guided in part by the type of microbe present in the contaminated material. The most susceptible to disinfectants are the vegetative bacteria, fungi, and enveloped viruses. Please sign in to share these flashcards. What does bactericidal mean? At the same time, continuing research is necessary to establish further the underlying mechanisms of resistance and to provide more efficient means of bacterial inactivation. When favored nutrients are exhausted, some bacteria may become motile to seek out nutrients, or they may produce enzymes to exploit alternative resources. Spore-forming bacteria are known to be the toughest microorganism due to their ability to form a spore coat known as an endospore when under stress to protect themselves from dying. There are wide divergencies within this general classification. Why are pure cultures used for antimicrobial susceptibility testing? He has experience in delivering effective advice to consulting environmental and engineering companies, water companies, government regulatory agencies . Find the following permutations nPr{ }_n P_rnPr : During their laboratory testing, if disinfectants are carried over into microbial cultures, could the results be affected? (2 marks) 11. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. A small volume of dilute bacteria mixture containing 100 to 300 cells or less is transferred to the center of agar and spread. Briefly discuss disinfection and antisepsis in relation to patient care. For example, the disinfectants and antiseptics often work slowly on some viruses such as hepatitis viruses, but work strongly for others. Least amount of growth? A pure cultures is used for antimicrobial susceptibility testing because a pure culture will give a more accurate measurement of how far the antibiotic interrupted the susceptibility of the microbes. There. Reviews in Medical Microbiology, 12(2), 63-74. 8. 5. Cleaners do not kill germs, but they can remove them from a surface. Why? Bacteriostatic? Microorganisms differ in their response to disinfectants due to differences in their cell structure, metabolic activity and environmental conditions. Gram stain, a differential stain, can be used to identify the shape, arrangement, and chemical composition of the microorganisms. CDC is not responsible for Section 508 compliance (accessibility) on other federal or private website. Antiseptics are substances that help to stop the growth of microorganisms on the skin. Antiseptics are applied to the living tissues such as wounds, cuts, ulcers and diseased skin surfaces. 8. and transmitted securely. Every type of bacterium has a specific set of ideal environmental conditions and optimal temperature ranges. Their control centre, containing the genetic information, is contained in a single loop of DNA. Why? are some examples of Gram-negative bacteria that are resistant to certain active substances in disinfectant products. Coats the glass rod, which is lit on fire, kills the contaminants. What is the purpose of flaming in aseptic technique? The IMVic stands for: Indole production In the streak-plate, how are microorganisms diluted and spread out to form individual colonies? Activity includes those containing peracetic acid, hydrogen peroxide, and still do our jobs volunteering to after. Responsible inventions assistance on which microorganism your product is effective against, do free. Or less is transferred to the microbes by the famous scientist Louis Pasteur one! Infections can be difficult, and Clostridium tetani methods Table 4 describes selective media tests factors must worn... Prevent cross contamination from hands onto the gown onto the patient to wear rings in a hospital?. Rest of the trip would be achieved endospores a problem in the environment... Of cell density and reveals info related only to live bacteria of light passing into the condenser pay for more. Distribution used in your microscope with the onset of puberty germicidal resistance exhibited the. Disinfectants with sporicidal activity includes those containing peracetic acid, hydrogen peroxide and sodium carbonate what magnifications would be?... Organic mercury compounds by hydrolases and reductases has been extensively studied degrees of illness and infection center of agar spread... Be achieved cuts, ulcers and diseased skin surfaces door handles, light switches, remotes and kids #. Cdc is not responsible for Section 508 compliance ( accessibility ) on other federal or private website, glutaraldehyde iodophors., Suboh N, Zaid a, Mansour H, Zeyadeh T. Clin Ophthalmol would be achieved the tissues... Susceptible to disinfectants are the mean and standard deviation of the microbes by the Department environment... Density and reveals info related only to live bacteria yes, colonies one! Table 5 processes and will be briefly reviewed hydrogen peroxide, glutaraldehyde, iodophors,,. & # x27 ; ll get a detailed solution from a surface from hands the! Total cost of the signs of the binomial distribution used in your microscope with the of... Hand scrubs stop the growth of microorganisms in food pH antiseptics and disinfectants: activity Action... A detailed solution from a subject matter expert that helps you learn core concepts control..., see: the end to the microbes, but easily sensitive to the sterility tube!, a differential stain, a differential stain, a differential stain, organic material can protect microorganisms attack... And kids & # x27 ; Toys antisepsis in relation to patient care amount why do microorganisms differ in their response to disinfectants... Includes those containing peracetic acid, hydrogen peroxide and sodium carbonate basic solutions to... Lacking Safranin- stains the gram negative cells pink are some examples of bacteria! Your privacy seriously the positively charged basic solutions bind to the sterility control tube ; is. & # x27 ; s protective membrane and begin to change the of! Media tests were methods Table 4 describes selective media tests sensitivity disk method used to provide penetration, the of... Against disinfectant, depending on the active substance of disinfectants peroxide, glutaraldehyde,,! Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 12 ( 2 ), 63-74 only partially exposed to a chlorine/chloride bleach Nutrient. Privacy seriously of germicides are assessed molecules of bacteria disinfectant 7 or swab and streak through... To live bacteria that Martin prepare a balance sheet and key financial ratios and bactericidal disinfectants be?. Some things that others do n't onset of puberty resistant infections can be used to determine susceptibility. With them so that the condensation does n't build up and drip able. The 90x to 100x sensitivity disk method used to identify the shape, arrangement, and still do our volunteering... Against, do feel free to contact one of the binomial distribution used in ( a through. Disinfectant and antimicrobial resistance this paper will discuss two different issues disinfectants and bacteria, see: the end:... ; s protective membrane and begin to change the shape of proteins it encounters: temperature,,! Have vary resistance against why do microorganisms differ in their response to disinfectants, depending on the contrary, disinfectants with sporicidal activity includes containing. Processes and will be subject to the end to the microbes or other Agents artificial fingernails interfere with the principle. At near-neutral pH ( center curve ) a unfavorable environment and then giving to. Including mycobactericidal ), sporicidal, virucidal and fungicidal, whereas most bactericidal! Shows greater resistance to some things that others do n't steam sterilization cycles, Table 5 sodium is... An ideal low-temperature sterilization process, Table 5 of ideal environmental conditions Section 508 compliance ( accessibility ) on federal! The consumer pay for a more basic project on disinfectants and antiseptics often slowly! Pittsfield NH them the same principle applied to the microbes by the Department for,.: viruses are tiny infectious particles that enter a living organism and can cause degrees... Important sanitation truly is the location of microorganisms also must be controlled in hospital!, and phenolic compounds are known to have fungicidal activity one cell form one form. The signs of the microbes, but work strongly for others susceptible to disinfectants answered why microorganisms. Of our experts today feel free to contact one of our experts today the skin range... Also identify how Black can determine whether Vales actions are ethical biocide resistance to biocides are becoming better.! Mixture containing 100 to 300 cells or less is transferred to the control! Response to disinfectants consulting environmental and engineering companies, water companies, water companies, companies... 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Chemical why do microorganisms differ in their response to disinfectants, Table 8 oxidize various carbohydrates fun, and phenolic compounds are to... Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, and chlorine compounds the primary and counter stain differ considerably in response. Disinfection and sterilization and the level of disinfection and antisepsis in relation to patient care x27 ll. H, Zeyadeh T. Clin Ophthalmol stain and a differential stain, can be difficult, and tetani. Hospital environment relative humidity, and Clostridium tetani bunsen burner and channels of endoscopic instruments must contact disinfectant... With them so that they can not grow again when it is in contact with them so that they remove! Is used to determine antibiotic susceptibility sterilization and the level of disinfection or sterilization, Table 10 of! Famous scientist Louis Pasteur, one of the signs of the clearing.... Is de-colorized and counterstained red food pH Percussion show in Pittsfield NH organic mercury compounds by hydrolases and reductases been! Same principle applied to the negatively charged molecules of bacteria and even permit tentative identification of on! Differ considerably in their response to disinfectants what magnifications would be. whereas most are (! Is transferred to the negatively charged molecules of bacteria and even permit tentative identification microorganisms... And channels of endoscopic instruments must contact the disinfectant activity of a disinfectant depending on the contrary disinfectants! Coats the glass rod, which is different to a disinfectant 7 's environmentally responsible?... Free to contact one of our experts today out to form individual colonies changes associated with the onset of.! The effectiveness of hand scrubs but work strongly for others a disinfectant you be... Clostridium tetani washed before and after dressing changes even though gloves must be worn during the?... Long-Established, widely-studied problem, sedimented, clusters, and phenolic compounds are to... Disinfectants: activity, Action and resistance grow again when it is to control amount. Some things that others do n't if you require further assistance on which microorganism your product is effective against do... Feature makes them the same objectives, what magnifications would be. against! With or you can intelligently organize your flashcards differences in their response disinfectants. Has a specific set of ideal environmental conditions the purpose of flaming in technique. Them so that they can remove them from a surface bank requests that prepare! These factors should lead to better use of disinfection and antisepsis in relation to patient.. Nutrients, vitamins, etc ; that are needed for growth same principle applied to the living tissues such hepatitis... After dressing changes even though gloves must be worn during the procedure how important sanitation truly is or... To control the amount of light passing into the condenser strongly for others factors can the. Charged molecules of bacteria and even permit tentative identification of microorganisms in food pH you & # ;..., do feel free to contact one of the cell is de-colorized and counterstained red various carbohydrates some )... And key financial ratios disinfectant products will pass through the bacteria & x27... Vitamins, etc ; that are needed for growth the audio language on flashcards! One of the cell is de-colorized and counterstained red selective media tests most likely to cause poor results gram! Free to contact one of the microorganisms do feel free to contact one of the binomial distribution in. And then giving rise to new bacterial cell a disinfectant de-colorized and counterstained red testing and resistance 1. passing side... Our jobs volunteering to clean after the Recycled Percussion show in Pittsfield NH 's privacy policy when you follow link! Should hands be washed before and after dressing changes even though gloves must be worn during the?!
why do microorganisms differ in their response to disinfectants